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!!!!ca - 540 BC __ Musica universalis * Pythagoras of Samos (Pythagore) (Πυθαγόρας, Pythagóras) (ca 580-497 BC) * ''Translated excerpt'' : « ^[985b^] ^[...^] At the same time, however, and even earlier the so-called Pythagoreans applied themselves to mathematics, and were the first to develop this science; and through studying it they came to believe that its principles are the principles of everything. And since numbers are by nature first among these principles, and they fancied that they could detect in numbers, to a greater extent than in fire and earth and water, many analogues of what is and comes into being—such and such a property of number being justice, and such and such soul or mind, another opportunity, and similarly, more or less, with all the rest—and since they saw further that the properties and ratios of the musical scales are based on numbers, and since it seemed clear that all other things have their whole nature modelled upon numbers, and that numbers are the ultimate things in the whole physical universe, ^[986a^] they assumed the elements of numbers to be the elements of everything, and the whole universe to be a proportion or number. Whatever analogues to the processes and parts of the heavens and to the whole order of the universe they could exhibit in numbers and proportions, these they collected and correlated ; and if there was any deficiency anywhere, they made haste to supply it, in order to make their system a connected whole. ^[...^] » ''(Aristotle, ''Metaphysics'', Metaphysica A 5. 985 b, 986a, Translated by Hugh Tredennick)'' * ''Attached references'' : {small}Philolaus (Φιλόλαος Philólaos) (ca 470-385 BC), ''Bacchae, On Nature'' ; Plato (Πλάτων / Plátôn) (ca.428-427 BC - ca. 347-346 BC), ''Timaeus'' (ca 360 BC) ; Claudius Ptolemaeus (Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος Klaúdios Ptolemaîos) (Ptolemy) (ca. AD 90 – ca. 168), ''Harmonics'' ; Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius (Boethius) (ca 480–524), ''De Institutione Musica'' (Fundamentals of Music) ; Guido of Arezzo (Guido Aretinus ; Guido da Arezzo ; Guido Monaco) (991/992 – ca 1033), ''Micrologus'' (1025) ; Anonymous, ''Naturalis concordia vocum cum planetis'' (ca 1100) ; Johannes de Muris (Jean de Murs; Johannis de Muris; Jean de Muris; Jehan des Muris) (ca 1290-1350), ''De sonis musicis'' (1319), ''Ars novæ musica'' (1319), ''Musica speculativa secundum Boethium'' (1323) ; Adrian Willaert (ca 1490-1562), ''Salmi Spezzati'' (1550) ; Gioseffo Zarlino (1517-1590), ''Le Istitutioni Harmoniche'' (1558) ; Adrian Willaert (ca 1490-1562), Giovanni Gabrieli (ca 1554/1557–1612), ''Cori Spezzati'' (ca 1590) ; Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), ''Harmonices Mundi'' (1619) ; Michael Praetorius (1571-1621), ''Syntagma musicum'' (1619) ; Orazio Benevoli (1605-1672), ''Te Deum (Missa Salisburgensis)'' (1628).{/small} * ''Sources'' : {small}Aristotle. (-350 B.C.). ''Metaphysics''. In ‘Aristotle in 23 Volumes’. Vols.17, 18. Translated by Hugh Tredennick. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1933, 1989.{/small} {br}{br}
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